Cavitación coroidea asociada a coloboma macular. Estudio multimodal. Imagen en face / Choroid cavitation associated with macular coloboma. Multimodal study. Image en face

La cavitación intracoroidea es un hallazgo identificado con OCT descrito inicialmente en pacientes miopes, pero también aparece en pacientes no miopes. Puede presentarse tanto en el área peripapilar como en el polo posterior. El coloboma macular es un defecto del desarrollo embrionario del polo posterior, y en la OCT estructural es imprescindible la ausencia del epitelio pigmentario de la retina y de los vasos coroideos para su diagnóstico. Este caso presenta la cavitación intracoroidea circunscribiendo el coloboma macular, en ausencia de membrana intercalar. La imagen en face permite valorar la relación entre ambas estructuras, así como la magnitud de las mismas. (AU)

Intrachoroidal cavitation is a finding identified with OCT initially described in myopic patients, it also appears in non-myopic patients. It can occur in both the peripapillary area and the posterior pole. Macular coloboma is a defect of embryonic development of the posterior pole, in structural OCT the absence of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal vessels is essential. In this case, intrachoroidal cavitation circumscribes the macular coloboma, in the absence of an intercalary membrane. The face image allows us to assess the relationship between the two structures as well as their magnitude. (AU)

Choroid cavitation associated with macular coloboma. Multimodal study. Image en face.

Intrachoroidal cavitation is a finding identified with OCT initially described in myopic patients, it also appears in non-myopic patients. It can occur in both the peripapillary area and the posterior pole. Macular coloboma is a defect of embryonic development of the posterior pole, in structural OCT the absence of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal vessels is essential. In this case, intrachoroidal cavitation circumscribes the macular coloboma, in the absence of an intercalary membrane. The en face image allows us to assess the relationship between the two structures as well as their magnitude.

Cavitación pulmonar asociada a infección por coronavirus: reporte de caso / Pulmonary cavitation associated with coronavirus infection: case report

La enfermedad causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) identificada inicialmenteen la ciudad de Wuhan, China, abarca un espectro amplio de condiciones respiratorias, presentaciones en su mayoría leves;sin embargo, con un porcentaje de patologías potencialmente letales como es el caso del síndrome de dificultad respirato-ria aguda. Existen además hallazgos cuya asociación con el nuevo coronavirus aún es incierta; derrames pleurales, linfade-nopatías mediastinales, cavitaciones pulmonares, han sido descritas en pacientes con infección por el SARS-CoV-2.El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad exponer un caso de cavitación pulmonar en el contexto de la enfermedad causadapor el SARS-CoV-2 en un Hospital de Quito, Ecuador.(AU)

The disease caused by SARS COV2 initially identified in the city of Wuhan - China, covers a wide spectrum of respiratoryconditions, mostly mild presentations; however, with a percentage of potentially lethal pathologies such as ARDS. There arealso findings whose association with the new coronavirus is still uncertain; pleural effusions, mediastinal lymphadenopathy,pulmonary cavitations, have been described in patients with SARS COV2 infection. The purpose of this paper is to presenta case of pulmonary cavitation in the context of the disease caused by SARS COV2 in a Hospital in Quito-Ecuador.(AU)

Cavitaciones pulmonares, complicación tardía de la COVID-19 / Pulmonary cavitations, late complication of COVID-19

La aparición de complicaciones graves, como el neumotórax o las cavitaciones pulmonares, en pacientes con infecciones recientes por el SARS-CoV-2 aumenta la morbi-mortalidad, y supone un reto diseñar la estrategia terapéutica más adecuada que permita mejorar su pronóstico. Las cavitaciones pulmonares se suelen asociar a complicaciones secundarias como la hemoptisis y el neumotórax, y confieren mal pronóstico. Se presenta el caso de dos pacientes con enfermedad COVID-19 confirmada por PCR nasofaríngea y que, tras evolución inicialmente satisfactoria, reingresaron con afectación pulmonar compatible con cavitaciones pulmonares y con insuficiencia respiratoria. Las lesiones cavitadas pulmonares en pacientes que hayan sufrido COVID-19 deben identificarse de forma precoz y realizar las determinaciones y cultivos necesarios para descartar sobreinfecciones añadidas que puedan empeorar el pronóstico.(AU)

Patients who have recently suffered from SARS-CoV-2 infections may suffer serious complications, such as pneumothorax or pulmonary cavitations that increase morbi-mortality and imply a challenge for the design of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy to improve their prognosis. Pulmonary cavities are usually associated with secondary complications such as hemoptysis and pneumothorax, and so offer a poor prognosis. We present the case of two patients with COVID-19 disease confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR who showed satisfactory evolution before readmission with pulmonary involvement compatible with pulmonary cavitation and respiratory failure. Cavitated lesions in the lungs of patients who recently suffered COVID-19 must be identified early in order to discard additional superinfections that may worsen the prognosis.(AU)

Irrigación Activada por Láser en Endodoncia

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la endodoncia es prevenir o curar la periodontitis apical. Por lo tanto, los microorganismos que han colonizado el sistema de canales radiculares deben ser eliminados para promover la regeneración y cicatrización. Desafortunadamente, la existencia de canales accesorios, anastomosis, istmos, así como ramificaciones apicales, genera una compleja red tridimensional en el interior de la raíz, lo que dificulta la eliminación total de bacterias y detritus. La te rapia endodóntica convencional utilizada actualmente presenta una serie de limitaciones.Se ha demostrado que los instrumentos endodónticos dejan un 35 % o más de superficie dentinaria sin tratar. Por otro lado, la imposibilidad de generar un flujo turbulento en el interior de los canales, impide que el irrigante llegue a zonas de difícil acceso. Esto facilita la persistenc ia de biopelículas bacterianas y la supervivencia de un número importante de bacterias viables. La irrigación activada por láser (LAI) ha sido propuesta como una tecnología co-adyuvante a la terapia quimio-mecánica para optimizarla limpieza y desinfección. Los láseresde Er,Cr:YSGG (2780nm) y Er:YAG (2940nm) son los más utilizados. Estas dos longitudes de onda son capaces de ser absorbidas ampliamente por diferentes soluciones irrigantes, teniendo en cuenta un uso seguro y respetando los parámetros clínicos aceptados. La absorción de la energía del láser por parte de los irrigantes, genera burbujas de vapor en el interior del fluido, que liberan fuerzas de cizalla al implosionar. Este fenómeno, denominado cavitación, genera mayor limpieza y desinfección del interior del sistema de canales radiculares, incluso en zonas de difícil acceso. Diversos estudios microbiológicos y microscópicos, han demostrado la efectividad antibacteriana de LAI. Recientemente, se ha publicado que LAI tendría la capacidad de incrementarla capacidad antibacteriana del hipoclorito de sodio a baja concentración (un buen desinfectante pero extraordinariamente tóxico), lo que permitiría trabajar con concentraciones menores y por lo tanto más seguras para el paciente.

ABSTRACT: The goal of endodontics is to prevent or cure apical periodontitis. Therefore, microorganisms that have colonized the root canal system must be eliminated to promote regeneration and healing. Unfortunately, the existence of accessory canals, anastomoses, isthmus, as well as apical ramifications, form a complex three-dimensional network inside the root, which makes difficult the total elimination of bacteria and detritus. Conventional endodontic therapy has several limitations. Endodontic instruments have been shown to leave 35 % or more of the dentin surface untreated. On the other hand, the inability of generating a turbulent flow, prevents the irrigant from reaching areas that are difficult to access. This facilitates the persistence of bacterial biofilms and the survival of a significant number of viable bacteria. Laser-activated Irrigation (LAI) has been proposed as a co-adjuvant to chemo-mechanical therapy to improve cleaning and disinfection. Er, Cr: YSGG (2780nm) and Er: YAG (2940nm) lasers are the most widely used. These two wavelengths are capable of being widely absorbed by different irrigating solutions, taking into account safe use and respecting accepted clinical parameters.The deep absorption of laser energy generates steam bubbles inside the fluid, which release shear forces when imploding. This phenomenon, called cavitation, is responsible for greater cleaning and disinfection within the root canal system, even in areas difficult to access. Several studies have demonstrated the antibacterial effectiveness of LAI through microbiological methods and microscopic techniques. Recently, it has been reported that LAI would have the ability to increase the antibacterial capacity of low concentration of sodium hypochlorite (a good disinfectant but extremely toxic), which would allow working with concentrations that are safer for the patient.

A rare cause of headache and fever in a healthy woman / Una rara causa de cefalea y fiebre en una mujer sana

Abstract Cryptococcocis is a fungal infection that primarily affects immunocompromised hosts; disseminated infection is uncommon in immunocompetent patients. We describe a case of a previously healthy woman without risk factors, who was admitted to the emergency department with headache, fever and altered mental status. As a result, a cryptococcal disseminated infection was diagnosed.

Resumen La criptococosis es una infección por hongos que afecta principalmente a huéspedes inmunodeprimidos; la infección diseminada es infrecuente en pacientes inmunocompetentes. Reportamos el caso de una mujer previamente sana, sin factores de riesgo, ingresada a urgencias por cefalea, fiebre y alteración del estado mental quien posteriormente fue diagnosticada con criptococosis diseminada.

Tuberculosis pulmonar cavitaria una presentación inusual en pediatría / Cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis an unusual presentation in pediatrics

Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 5 años quien fue ingresada en el Hospital Nacional Benjamín Bloom, por presentar tos y fiebre persistente de 3 semanas, previo al ingreso en el centro hospitalario, la paciente curso con gastroenteritis aguda por lo que en el Hospital Nacional Zacamil, se sospechó fiebre tifoidea sin embargo al continuar febril y con tos fue transferida al hospital, durante el ingreso hospitalario se realizó el estudio para confirmar enfermedad tuberculosa presentando: prueba mantoux positiva (13 milimetros), radiografía de tórax con cavitación apical izquierda, baciloscopias positivas (16 puntos de los criterios de Stegen y Toledo), también se realizó una tomografía axial torácica computarizada que mostro lesión cavitada a nivel del lóbulo superior izquierdo segmento apical posterior de paredes gruesas tabicadas. Iniciando tratamiento con 4 fármacos antituberculosos (isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol), y posterior al egreso hospitalario el paciente continuo con el tratamiento durante 6 meses y presentando evolución clínica satisfactoria

We present the case of a 5-year-old female patient who was admitted to the Benjamin Bloom National Hospital, due to a 3-week persistent cough and fever, prior to admission to the hospital, the patient had acute gastroenteritis, so in the Hospital Nacional Zacamil, typhoid fever was suspected, however, as she continued to febrile and with a cough, she was transferred to the hospital, during hospital admission a study was carried out to confirm tuberculosis disease, presenting: positive mantoux test (13 millimeters), chest x-ray with left apical cavitation , positive smear microscopy (16 points of the Stegen and Toledo criteria), a computed thoracic axial tomography was also performed, which showed a cavitated lesion at the level of the upper left lobe posterior apical segment with thick septate walls. Starting treatment with 4 anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol), and after hospital discharge the patient continued with the treatment for 6 months and presenting satisfactory clinical evolution

Eminencia ganglionar: Anatomía y patología en resonancia magnética fetal / Ganglionic Eminence: Anatomy and Pathology in Fetal MRI

Se presentan dos casos de resonancia magnética (RM) fetal en los que se detectan anomalías de las eminencias ganglionares (EG): un caso en una gestación única y otro en una gestación gemelar con solo uno de los fetos afectado. Las alteraciones en las eminencias ganglionares son entidades poco frecuentes, con muy pocos casos publicados, tanto por RM como por ecografía fetal, que suelen asociarse con alteraciones neurológicas graves. Se describen los hallazgos por RM de la patología de las EG en estos dos casos, no visibles en la ecografía previa.

We present two cases of fetal MRI where anomalies of the ganglionic eminences (GE) are detected, one case in a single pregnancy and another in a twin gestation with only one of the affected fetuses. Alterations in the ganglionic eminences are rare entities, with very few published cases, both by MRI and fetal ultrasound, which are usually associated with severe neurological alterations. The MR findings of the pathology of the GE in these two cases are described. These findings were not visible on the previous ultrasound.

Ocular albinism with mutation in GPR143: Findings in wide-field autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography. / Albinismo ocular con mutación en GPR143: hallazgos en autofluorescencia de campo amplio y tomografía de coherencia óptica.

A 12 year-old boy who consulted due to nystagmus and low vision from birth. His mother also consulted for low vision of the right eye since she was a child, which worsened recently. The physical examination revealed no alterations in skin and hair pigmentation. In the examination of the anterior segment of the child, areas of slight circumferential hypopigmentation were observed in the iris in both eyes. The fundus examination revealed a choroidal fundus due to the absence of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium. In the autofluorescence, an absence of physiological macular hypo-autofluorescence was observed and, in optical coherence tomography, foveal hypoplasia was observed in both eyes. In the ocular fundus examination of the mother, slight macular pigmentary changes were observed in the right eye, with hyperpigmented radiated spots in the retinal periphery of both eyes, which were hypo-autofluorescent in the wide-field autofluorescence. In the optical coherence tomography of the right eye, a cavitation of the outer retinal layers was observed in the fovea. The genetic study by nucleotide sequencing was performed on the mother and the child. In the mutation found in the GPR143 gene, the son was hemizygous and the mother was heterozygous. X-linked ocular albinism was diagnosed and the genetic counselling was carried out. Ocular albinism linked to X is the most frequent genetic variant of this disease. Peripheral pigment alterations in heterozygous mothers have been previously described in the literature, but there are no reports of cavitations in the external retinal layers using optical coherence tomography.